This sourcebook provides a consensus perspective from the global community of earth observation and carbon experts on methodological issues relating to quantifying the greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts of implementing mitigation activities related to the forest land use in developing countries (REDD+). At current status of negotiation five forest-related activities have been listed to be implemented as mitigation actions by developing countries, namely: reducing emissions from deforestation (which implies a land-use change) and reducing emissions from forest degradation, conservation of forest carbon stocks, sustainable management of forest land, Enhancement of forest carbon stocks (all relating to carbon stock changes and GHG emissions within managed forest land use, including forest expansion on non-forest land). The UNFCCC negotiations and related country submissions on REDD+ have advocated that methodologies and tools become available for estimating emissions and removals from deforestation and forest land management, including forest expansion, with an acceptable level of certainty. Based on the current status of negotiations and UNFCCC approved methodologies, the Sourcebook aims to provide additional explanation, clarification, and methodologies to support REDD+ early actions and readiness mechanisms for building national REDD+ monitoring systems. It complements the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and it is aimed at being fully consistent with this IPCC Guidelines and with the UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual GHG inventories. The book emphasizes the role of satellite remote sensing as an important tool for monitoring changes in forest cover, provides guidance on how to obtain credible estimates of forest carbon stocks and related changes, and provides clarification on the use of IPCC Guidelines for estimating and reporting GHG emissions and removals from forest lands.
Tag: rooting
The role of farmer association in potential ‘investment model’ for RUPES in Ha Tinh action site for RUPES in Vietnam
Over the last two years, Payment for Environmental Services (PES) has received significantly attention and support from the government. While the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) is trying to integrate PES into the Biodiversity Law, the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) have worked on ‘What percentage of the payments from electricity users should flow back to upstream people’, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) puts a great efforts to develop decrees and guidelines for How to quantify payment for watershed protection under the Forest Protection and Development Law. Different international organizations including ICRAF, IUCN, WWF, SNV, Winrock International and CIFOR have been also active in facilitating the process and tested several case studies on the ground. Still, there is a lack of policies and investment models of direct PES between individuals, communities and organisations, which has clear conditionality, realistic and voluntary.
Vegetative propagation of Milicia excelsa by leafy stem cuttings: effects of auxin concentration, leaf area and rooting medium
The effect of different auxin concentrations, leaf areas and propagation media on the rooting ability of leafy stem cuttings of Milicia excelsa were investigated using a non-mist propagation system in Ghana. Three separate experiments tested (i) indole-3-butyric (IBA) concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 1.6%, (ii) leaf area treatments of 0, 10, 20, 40 and 60 cm2 obtained by trimming the leaves, and (iii) four propagation media, namely fine sand (diameter 2 mm or less), coarse sand (2–4 mm), decomposed sawdust and a 1:1 mixture of coarse sand and sawdust. In each experiment, cuttings were taken to a standard length of 6 cm from shoots of previously pruned pot-grown stockplants grown under 40% shade. IBA had no significant effect on final rooting percentage (P > 0.05, ANOVA), although values declined with successive increases in IBA concentration above 0.2%. Addition of IBA increased root number by approximately 80%, but was also positively correlated with cutting mortality (r = 0.81, P < 0.05). Percentage rooting and root number were positively related to leaf area (r = 0.89 and 0.90, respectively, P < 0.05), whereas shoot production, leaf abscission and mortality decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing leaf area. highest rooting percentages and root numbers were recorded in sawdust. Overall, moisture content of the media was positively related to root number (r = 0.98, P < 0.05), but negatively related to mortality and leaf abscission. Foliar relative water content (RWC) increased in all experiments during the first 2 weeks after insertion by 1.3–15.3%, higher values being recorded in media with a sawdust component. These results suggest that an application of not more than 0.2% IBA should be used for mass propagation of Milicia excelsa cuttings, with a leaf area of around 40 cm2 and a medium with a high moisture holding capacity (24% or less water by volume).
Effect of traffic intensity on soil structure and root development in a field experiment on a sandy clay loam soil in the Netherlands
I would like to inform you about some results of cooperative research on a large-scale field experiment with different traffic intensities. In this experiment, during 1984-1989, the effects on soil structure and crop development of different of different field traffic systems were compared. The experimental field consisted of 4 blocks (A-D) of 100 x 212 m, each of which carried one crop of a typical four-year, intensive crop rotation, consisting of potatoes – winter wheat under sown with rye grass – sugar beet- onions. Each block was split into 4 plots of 50 x 100m, on which around the year all field traffic was performed with normal “high”- pressure tyres (Treatment H) or with special “low”- pressure tyres (Treatment L). On each block , 2 narrow strips (6×100 m), positions between the large plots, were allocated to the zero-traffic or bed system (Treatment Z). Soil tillage and all other cultural treatments were the same for all three field traffic systems.
Old tree root channels in acid soils in the humid tropics: important for crop root penetration, water infiltration and nitrogen management.
Under high rainfall conditions on acid soils with shallow crop root systems the rate of N leaching is high. A simple model predicts nitrogen uptake efficiency as a function of the amount of rainfall in excess of evapotranspiration, rooting depth and degree to which N leaching is retarded in comparison with water transport. Field observations on acid soils in S.E. Nigeria and S. Sumatera (Indonesia) showed that this model should be amended to include the role of old tree root channels. Crop roots can follow these channels, which are coated with partly decayed organic matter, into the acid subsoil. Measurements of water infiltration with a Guelph permeameter and a methylene blue dye showed that such channels form the major infiltration sites during rainstorms. Implications for nitrogen use efficiency and cropping pattern are discussed.
Rooting depth in cropping systems in the humid tropics in relation to nutrient use efficiency
A simple model is presented for calculating the rooting depth of a crop or crop combination required to intercept leaching nutrients for different climatic and soil conditions. Important parameters in this model are the amount of water moving through the soil, which depends on excess of rainfall over evapotranspiration, and the apparent adsorption constant, which depends on the nutrient and soil type involved. Calculations for three time patterns of nutrient supply in relation to nutrient demand show moderate effects of the degree of synchronization on rooting depth required if a high interception fraction is desired. In shifting cultivation systems a deep-rooted fallow vegetation can recover nutrients leached to the subsoil during the cropping phase. The simple leaching model can indicate the combinations of climate zone and apparent adsorption constant for which such interception is possible. It appears that recovery of leached nitrate is only possible in the subhumid zone. In the humid tropics the continuous presence of a deep root system as part of the crop combination on the field is necessary to use nitrogen efficiently, except when acid soil conditions keep all nitrogen in the ammonium form or when an almost ideal synchronization exists of nitrogen supply and demand during the growing season. Some data are discussed on the root distribution of food crops and on the possibilities to establish a “safety-net” under the crops grown in alleys between deep-rooted hedgerow trees.
Vegetative propagation of Prunus africana: effects of rooting medium, auxin concentrations and leaf area
The region of West and Central Africa is endowed with high-value fruit trees and medicinal plants, which are currently traded locally as well as on regional and international markets. Unfortunately, they are all exploited from the wild and there has been little or no focussed effort to domesticate and cultivate them. Prunus africana is one of these important medicinal plant under domestication. A series of nursery experiments were conducted to assess the effects of rooting medium (sawdust, sand and a 50:50 mixture of sand and sawdust), auxin concentration (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 µg IBA), and leaf area (0, 5, 10, 20, and 25 cm2) on rooting success of juvenile cuttings of P. africana. The percentage of cuttings rooted was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in sawdust (80%), than in sand alone (72%) or in mixture with sawdust (71%). Leaf area also significantly affected the percentage of rooting. Leafless cuttings did not root and were all dead by week 6, but in leafy cuttings rooting ability increased proportionally with leaf area up to 20 cm2 (79%). Larger leaf cuttings (25 cm2) rooted at the same level as those of 20 cm2. The cuttings with the largest leaves also had the greatest mean number of roots per cutting (14 roots cutting1), while those with the smallest (5 cm2) leaf area produced the fewest roots (5 roots cutting1). The application of auxin (IBA) promoted rooting (P < 0.05) up to an optimum application of 100–200 µg IBA per cutting, but 300 µg was supraoptimal. It can be concluded that P. africana is amenable to vegetative propagation.
Assessing temporal dynamics of groundwater and soil salinity and their impact on the green infrastructure after the 2004 Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia
The seaquake and subsequent tsunami on December 26, 2004, caused severe damage to people, infrastructure and agriculture in Aceh, Indonesia. Especially West Aceh, the district closest to the epicentre of the seaquake was affected
Influence of rooting media and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentration on rooting and shoot formation of Warburgia ugandensis stem cuttings
This study investigated the influence of different rooting media and indolebutryic acid (IBA) hormone concentration on root and shoot development in stem cuttings of Warburgia ugandensis. Stem cuttings were treated with three different levels (0.3, 0.6 and 0.8% w/w) of IBA concentration (including a control- no IBA hormone) and propagated in three rooting media (milled pine bark, top forest soil and sand) under non-misting propagators. Data on root and shoot development, callusing, number and length of roots and shoots were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi square test. Callusing, root and shoot development were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by rooting media and IBA concentration. Milled pine bark and 0.8% w/w IBA concentration gave the highest percentages of stem cuttings that callused, rooted and shooted (38, 37, 41% and 57, 41, 59%), respectively. Similarly, milled pine bark and 0.8% w/w IBA concentration gave the greatest number and longest roots and shoots per stem cutting. Vegetative propagation of W. ugandensis through stem cuttings can be appropriately achieved by treating the cuttings with 0.8% w/w IBA hormone using milled pine bark as a growth medium.
Boosting human nutrition through land use modelling. An alternative to biofortification
Many residents in highland cereal and root crop systems face food shortages as well as imbalanced nutrition. Even in food sufficient regions, about 45% of children are stunted, underweight, or deficient in Zinc, calcium and Vitamin A. Some blame food shortages on land shortage or on land degradation and its negative effect on agricultural productivity.