Deforestation is often blamed as a main culprit for decreasing water quality. About 20% of the State Forest land in Indonesia is classified as ‘protection forest’ in order to safeguard water quality. Also in Sumberjaya (sometimes violent) evictions took place in order to ‘safeguard’ the watershed. This study aims to assess the impact of land use on the biological water quality.
Tag: deforestation
Avoided deforestation with sustainable benefits (ADSB) in Indonesia. Benefits, but not everybody will win
Old-growth forestland scapes are rich in biodiversity and may st ore about 350-400 t C / ha, with much of the carbon in the biggest, oldest trees. When such forests are clear -felled the above ground carbon stock goes back to zero either directly due to fire or slowly due to decomposition of dead wood. Young vegetation, either crops or tree plantations may have relatively high growth rates, but even at a high carbon accumulation rate of 5 t C / (ha/year) it takes a long time to restore the losses. Selective logging, targeting the large trees, can substantially reduce the carbon stock of the forests, partly due to damage to trees not cut. Within the ‘logged-over’ forest the carbon stock can be as low as 100 t C/ha or still as high as 250 t C/ha. Subsequent logging can continue to reduce carbon stocks and/or open up the forest to the more rapid spread of fire, which tends to kill the smaller trees and destroy many of the larger trees as well. Some vegetation that has only 50 t C/ha still meets the technical definition of forest based on the crown cover of trees. On the other hand, vegetation with farmer-grown trees and spontaneous tree establishment in between (‘complex agroforest’) may store more than 70 t C/ha yet such vegetation is not always formally considered to be a ‘forest’
Avoided deforestation with sustainable benefits (ADSB) in Indonesia: Deforestation: will agroforests fall through the cracks?
Old-growth forestlandscapes are rich in biodiversity and may store about 350-400 t C / ha, with much of the carbon in the biggest, oldest trees. When such forests are clear-felled the above ground carbon stock goes back to zero either directly due to fire or slowly due to decomposition of dead wood. Young vegetation, either crops or tree plantations may have relatively high growth rates, but even at a high carbon accumulation rat e of 5 t C / (ha/y ear) it takes a long time to restore the losses. Selective logging, targeting the large trees, can substantially reduce the carbon stock of the forests, partly due to damage to trees not cut. Within the ‘logged-over’ forest the carbon stock can be as lo w as 1 00 t C/ha or still as high as 250 t C/ha. Subsequent logging can continue t o reduce carbon stocks and/or open up the forest t o the more rapid spread of fire, which tends to kill the smaller trees and destroy many of the larger trees as well. Some vegetation that has only 50 t C/ha still meets the technical definition of forest based on the crown cover of trees. On the other hand, vegetation with farmer-grown trees and spontaneous tree establishment in between (‘complex agroforest’) may store more than 70 t C/ha yet such vegetation is not always formally considered to be a ‘forest’.
Avoided deforestation with sustainable benefits (ADSB) in Indonesia: sustainable, efficient and fair: can REDD be all three?
The triple bottom-line of people, profit and planet refers to three different dimensions for evaluating the emerging REDD system: Will it lead to sustainable use of the planet Will it be done in an efficient way that does not affect profit Will it be fair to the people who deserve to be rewarded Climate Justice is a moral concept of fairness rather than a legal reality. The different actors negotiating over forest goods and services include governments, NGOs, companies, traders, migrants, farmers in the forest margins and indigenous forest people. Their interactions are complex at the national level and even more so in the context of international agreements between sovereign countries. As in any type of ‘negotiation support’, issues of substance (‘hard data’) play a role, but equally important is the process and ‘bargaining position’ that par ties take.
Avoided Deforestation with Sustainable Benefits: A case study of potential in 3 provinces in Indonesia
The release of carbon into the atmosphere from forest conversion and exploitation is estimated to be 18% of global carbon dioxide emissions, and thus a significant contributor to the increase of atmospheric CO 2 (and other greenhouse gas) concentrations that is linked to global climate change (IPCC, 2007); • If the recent estimates of total emissions of 3 Giga ton per year for Indonesia are true, per capita emissions are twice that in France and 30% above those in the UK or Germany; • The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol supports some forms of affores- tation and reforestation, but no projects have been approved for Indonesia; it excludes activities that protect existing carbon stocks and forms of ‘avoided deforestation’; • There probably is a large potential in Indonesia to reduce emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land uses (AFOLU) and to generate both local and global benefits; the scope for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) will depend on the definitions used; • Indonesia has an institutional and a vegetation concept of forest, and therefore includes “forests without trees” and “non-forests with trees”; mixed and multristrata agroforestry (intermediate land uses) can store significant quantities of carbon, maintain flows of ecosystem services, generate good economic returns and reduce pressure on remaining forest resources; • Mechanisms for reducing carbon emissions through avoi ded deforestat ion will have to maintain national sovereignty, and to balance between fairness (incentives for long term protection) and effectiveness (demonstrated reductions of emissions on the short term); • Before the institutional challenges of REDD mechanisms are tackled, we need to know the potential cost effectiveness; if current emissions would lead to large economic benefits, emission reduction would be difficult, if not, incentive systems will be feasible.
Avoided Deforestation with Sustainable Benefits: East Kalimantan Land Cover Changes 1990’s – 2005
Abstract not found
Avoided Deforestation with Sustainable Benefits: Jambi Land Cover Changes 1990’s – 2005
Trees and forests play important roles in global climate change mitigation. On the one hand, trees growing in forests and on farms are one of the world’s greatest sinks of carbon. Afforestation in Europe now offsets significant amounts of global emissions and there are many unexploited opportunities for afforestation and reforestation in the developing world. On the other hand, tropical deforestation is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimate that in 2004, the forest sector was responsible for 17.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Global-level studies of the economics of climate change mitigation indicate that afforestation and avoided deforestation are among the most attractive investments for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions (total emissions less total sequestration). The ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins has conducted biophysical, socioeconomic and institutional research on the tradeoffs associated with alternative land uses in the humid tropics. Building on previous research at the ASB benchmark sites, this paper presents spatially-explicit analyses of the trade offs between carbon and economic returns in three sites in Indonesia, and one site in each of Peru and Cameroon. Located in the humid forest zones of Southeast Asia, the Amazon basin, and Central Africa, these sites represent a range of the conditions that shape tree and forest management across the humid tropics. Indonesia is particularly distinguished by having the world’s highest levels of land-based emissions of greenhouse gases and largest CO2 emissions from conversion of peat lands.
Responses of rubber leaf phenology to climatic variations in Southwest China
The phenology of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) could be influenced by meteorological factors and exhibits significant changes under different geoclimates. In the sub-optimal environment in Xishuangbanna, rubber trees undergo lengthy periods of defoliation and refoliation. The timing of refoliation from budburst to leaf aging could be affected by powdery mildew disease (Oidium heveae), which negatively impacts seed and latex production. Rubber trees are most susceptible to powdery mildew disease at the copper and leaf changing stages. Understanding and predicting leaf phenology of rubber trees are helpful to develop effective means of controlling the disease. This research investigated the effect of several meteorological factors on different leaf phenological stages in a sub-optimal environment for rubber cultivation in Jinghong, Yunnan in Southwest China. Partial least square regression was used to quantify the relationship between meteorological factors and recorded rubber phenologies from 2003 to 2011. Minimum temperature in December was found to be the critical factor for the leaf phenology development of rubber trees. Comparing the delayed effects of minimum temperature, the maximum temperature, diurnal temperature range, and sunshine hours were found to advancing leaf phenologies. A comparatively lower minimum temperature in December would facilitate the advancing of leaf phenologies of rubber trees. Higher levels of precipitation in February delayed the light green and the entire process of leaf aging. Delayed leaf phenology was found to be related to severe rubber powdery mildew disease. These results were used to build predictive models that could be applied to early warning systems of rubber powdery mildew disease.
Global deforestation, its causes and suggested remedies
Man’s use of land – forested land, land that borders forest, and land that long ago ceased to be forest – is the subject of this contribution. The point made is that in most developing countries, the economic potential of forestry and the ecological importance of forest ecosystems are very low priority issues. If we are concerned with the survival and perpetual utilization of tropical forest, we have to analyze the question: why do forests disappear in an alarming increasingly rate Not because there is an evil conspiracy aiming at clearing the world of tropical forests. There are two main reasons: people and nations need new land for food production, and they need wood for a variety of different purposes. Forests, where the exist, can provide both; in many cases forests are the only reserves of land and wood
From deforestation to development of agroforests in customary land tenure areas of Sumatra
This study attempts to explore the causes of deforestation and the developmentof agroforests using household data collected from 60 randomly selected com-munities in Sumatra. We found that decreases in inherited land per householdand increases in the number of male workers and the dependency ratio led to theclearance of primary forests, whereas change in the inheritance system from amatrilineal to a bilateral system did not significantly influence the pace of defor-estation. We also found that wealthier households tend to clear forest and developagroforests more actively than their less wealthy counterparts.