The Trade, Development, and the Environment Hub (TRADE Hub) adalah konsorsium penelitian global yang dipimpin oleh The UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). Perdagangan berbagai komoditas pertanian dan satwa liar menjadi fokus penelitian di delapan negara dan melibatkan sekitar 50 organisasi mitra di dunia. Di Indonesia, TRADE Hub berfokus pada perdagangan minyak sawit, kopi, dan satwa liar. CIFOR-ICRAF menjadi koordinator kegiatan penelitian TRADE Hub di Indonesia. Bersama dengan tim mitra lainnya (Wildlife Conservation Society, Research Centre for Climate Change University of Indonesia, IPB University and Lampung University), dilakukan berbagai penelitian terkait perdagangan berkelanjutan.
Tag: conservation
Atlas of Actor: Social network and power analysis in Indonesia’s palm oil, coffee, and wildlife trade
The TRADE Hub Indonesia
The goal of the TRADE Hub in Indonesia is to make the global trade of palm oil and coffee deliver benefits for the country while reducing impacts to high-risk forested landscapes and their rural communities.
Rehabilitasi Kawasan Pesisir untuk Pembangunan Rendah Karbon
Pesan Utama
- Tahun 2030 merupakan tahun penuh tantangan dan peluang bagi Indonesia untuk menunjukkan kepemimpinannya dalam percaturan dunia di bidang perubahan iklim. Beberapa agenda nasional dan global perlu dicapai pada periode yang kritis ini.
- Berbagai kebijakan nasional yang terkait dengan rehabilitasi kawasan pesisir, khususnya mangrove memerlukan sinkronisasi dan harmonisasi antar-lembaga, khususnya saat diimplementasikan di tingkat tapak. Konsensus perlu dicapai dalam dialog yang terbuka dan jujur untuk keberhasilan dan keberlanjutan rehabilitasi.
- Upaya rehabilitasi mangrove yang sangat ambisius perlu disesuaikan dengan kenyataan di lapangan terkait dengan status lahan, fungsi dan nilai sosial, ekonomi dan ekologi mangrove. Konservasi mangrove yang dalam kondisi baik juga memerlukan penanganan yang serius.
- Rehabiltasi mangrove untuk mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim perlu dilakukan secara simultan disertai sistem pemantauan, pelaporan dan verifikasi yang terpadu dalam jangka waktu paling sedikit 10 tahun setelah kegiatan rehabilitasi dilakukan.
Permanence of avoided deforestation in a Transamazon REDD+ project (Pará, Brazil)
Rigorous impact evaluations of local REDD+ (reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) initiatives have shown some positive outcomes for forests, while well-being impacts have been mixed. However, will REDD+ outcomes persist over time after interventions have ended? Using quasi-experimental methods, we investigated the effects of one REDD+ project in the Brazilian Amazon on deforestation and people’s well-being, including intra-community spillover effects (leakage). We then evaluated to what extent outcomes persisted after the project ended (permanence). This project combined Payments for Environmental Services (PES) with sustainable livelihood alternatives to reduce smallholder deforestation. Data came from face-to-face surveys with 113 households (treatment: 52; non-participant from treatment communities: 35; control: 46) in a three-datapoint panel design (2010, 2014 and 2019). Results indicate the REDD+ project conserved an average of 7.8% to 10.3% of forest cover per household and increased the probability of improving enrollees’ well-being by 27–44%. We found no evidence for significant intra-community leakage. After the project ended, forest loss rebounded and perceived well-being declined – yet, importantly, past saved forest was not cleared. Therefore, our results confirm what the theory and stylized evidence envisioned for temporal payments on activity-reducing (‘set-aside’): forest loss was successfully delayed but not permanently eradicated.
Assessment of spatio-temporal distribution of human-elephant conflicts: a study in Patharia Hills Reserve Forest, Assam, India
Human–wildlife conflicts (HWCs) are escalating globally because of human population growth and increased per capita demand for and consumption of natural resources. These conflicts may be exacerbated where anthropogenic land uses are encroaching on designated conservation or protected areas. Large mammals, such as the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), are increasingly victimized in HWCs as movement across large-scale areas places them at odds with land areas used by humans. The number of human–elephant conflicts (HECs) reported in India involving the Indian elephant (E. m. indicus) have also increased. Managers require better information on the pattern and distribution of HECs to mitigate them and conserve elephants. To address this, we studied 1306 HECs reported from 2015 to 2019 in Patharia Hills Reserve Forest, southern Assam, India. We visited these 1306 sites based on our inventory of complaints filed and recorded the village where the incident occurred, the types and extent of damage, the approximate cost of damage and information about elephants. Conflicts peaked at crop maturity. Ninety-five percent of damage reported involved rice crops (644 ha) belonging to 1245 farmers, and 59 incidents involved household and property damaged. The estimated cost of HEC during the study period was 85,688 USD. The average affected cropland size of each farmer was 0.52 ha. Of the identified 23 HEC-affected villages, four villages were mildly affected (10 or<10 incidents), 12 villages were moderately affected (11–50 incidents), three villages were highly affected (51–100 incidents), and a remaining four villages were severely affected (>100 incidents). In villages reporting more HECs, long-term management practices, such as community training for on-sight deterrent of elephants, can be adopted to reduce conflicts. In these areas, villagers also reported the damage compensation process implemented by the government was slow. Expediting the compensation process coupled with increased community training and cultivation of deterrent crops may help reduce villagers’ animosity toward elephant conservation.
In search of a conservation ethic
This paper makes use of the Galileo method to compare cognitive distances between selected forest-related concepts in Brazil, Indonesia and Cameroon. The purpose is to determine whether or not there are significant differences in people’s perceptions that could reflect the concept of a conservation ethic in these locations. Specific hypotheses focus on the cognitive relationships between spirit and forest; between forest, good and future; and between forest and me. Although the method provides interesting and useful information on cognition, it is less useful in clarifying the existence or measurement of a conservation ethic.
Deforestation risk in the Peruvian Amazon basin
The prevention of tropical forest deforestation is essential for mitigating climate change. We tested the machine learning algorithm Maxent to predict deforestation across the Peruvian Amazon. We used official annual 2001–2019 deforestation data to develop a predictive model and to test the model’s accuracy using near-real-time forest loss data for 2020. Distance from agricultural land and distance from roads were the predictor variables that contributed most to the final model, indicating that a narrower set of variables contribute nearly 80% of the information necessary for prediction at scale. The permutation importance indicating variable information not present in the other variables was also highest for distance from agricultural land and distance from roads, at 40.5% and 14.3%, respectively. The predictive model registered 73.2% of the 2020 early alerts in a high or very high risk category; less than 1% of forest cover in national protected areas were registered as very high risk, but buffer zones were far more vulnerable, with 15% of forest cover being in this category. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use 19 years of annual data for deforestation risk. The open-source machine learning method could be applied to other forest regions, at scale, to improve strategies for reducing future deforestation.
Investing in Nature as the true engine of our economy: A 10-point Action Plan for a Circular Bioeconomy of Wellbeing
The 10-Point Action Plan to catalyse a Circular Bioeconomy of Wellbeing is a call for collective and integrated action to global leaders, investors, companies, scientists, governments, nongovernmental and intergovernmental organisations, funding agencies and society at large to put the world on a sustainable path.
Learning landscape sustainability and development links
Landscape is a complex of interacting ecosystems and humans. Conflicting interests among various actors with different values and rationalities occurs. A board game, the Landscape Game, was developed based on game theory to help understand the dynamics of land competition, policy measures and sustainability of a landscape. This game introduces landscape conservation, development, environmental services risks and investment alternatives. The game challenges rational players to maximize their revenues, while at the same time sustaining the landscape. Through this game, various policy instruments, e.g.rules, taxes, land use incentives and disincentives were tested. The game play results show the easiness in harmonising sustainability and development when productivity is low. If productivity increases then landscape sustainability can either increase or reduce, affected by government policies and players’ actions. Lessons learned from the game can trigger changes in players’ mental model. The digital version of the game provides opportunities for its wider use.