Fire prevention and peatland restoration: Community-based action in the digital age

Key messages

  • Peatland restoration efforts should accommodate the development of business models with specific jurisdictions of intervention to clarify target participants, expected investments and beneficiaries/users of environmental services.
  • Augmented participatory action research (PAR) emphasizes the importance of digital technologies and local facilitation for cost-efficient restoration and impact monitoring.
  • Actions on fire prevention and peatland restoration are connected to and strengthened by jurisdictional sustainability leadership and policies.
  • The essence of action research is positioning researchers inside the system and theorizing findings using a constructivist perspective.
  • Fire prevention and peatland restoration should focus on capacity, adaptation and resilience building for local actors on the ground.

The Community-Based Restoration Monitoring System (CBRMS): A guide to using CBRMS in peatland restoration monitoring

Monitoring is a crucial element of any peatland ecosystem restoration process, and well-designed monitoring programmes can improve the effectiveness of restoration efforts. Monitoring can measure progress toward restoration goals, and further improve the efficacy of the restoration process itself. Monitoring an ongoing project can also directly enhance restoration outcomes and improve future restoration decision making. Restoration monitoring does pose challenges and frequently faces constraints, including limited funds and human resources. Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring systems are available for doing so, but their coverage is limited, and they are unable to show restoration impacts on a local scale. Accordingly, we developed the Community-Based Restoration Monitoring System (CBRMS). This CIFOR-ICRAF flagship product offers the capacity to work offline, is compatible with more affordable smartphones, allows safe storage on cloud systems, is transparent and accessible, and facilitates local community involvement. It is designed as an organized system for collecting, processing and validating data necessary for measuring implementation progress and impacts, while empowering communities to participate in monitoring processes. The mobile application is designed to be user friendly and reliable, and offers high flexibility for modification to suit user requirements. This book outlines the monitoring system framework and provides guidelines for its application. We hope it can help practitioners and facilitators in monitoring progress made in restoration efforts on the ground.

Augmented participatory action research in the digital age: Guidelines for implementation in community-based peatland restoration and sustainable business development

Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a tool for fostering a new paradigm in natural resources management. Combined with an Adaptive Collaborative Management (ACM) approach, in community-based fire prevention and peatland restoration, PAR facilitates transformative change through a simultaneous process of research and taking action, linked together by critical refl ection. Covid-19 led to the transformation of traditional PAR to become a new incarnation aided by internet technology, remote connections and new ways of implementing collaboration. This new incarnation, which we refer to as augmented PAR, consists of a spiral of refl ection and co-elevation, co-creation and planning, connected actions, and monitoring and co-learning phases. External reinforcement can strengthen actions and improve augmented PAR processes. This book, which constitutes part of the Toolbox on Community-based Fire Prevention and Peatland Restoration, presents case studies from Kayu Ara Permai and Penyengat villages in Riau Province, where PAR on community-based fi re prevention and peatland restoration is taking place from 2021 to 2023. We hope it can serve as a reference for actors involved in sustainable peatland management and restoration in reconciling ecological, social and economic objectives.

What Makes Agroforestry a Potential Restoration Measure in a Degraded Conservation Forest?

Agroforestry is a win–win solution in terms of restoring forest function while benefiting the local community. This research aimed to (1) understand the regulations concerning conservation forest management and the restoration strategies adopted based on the history of forest degradation in the area, (2) investigate the factors driving local people to adopt agroforestry systems in the area, and (3) investigate the characteristics of the agroforestry system developed and its impacts based on farmers’ perceptions. This research was performed in Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park, Lampung Province, Indonesia, and involved 59 respondents who managed 63 agroforestry plots in the area. Several schemes had been implemented to restore the degraded forest without involving the community, and the results were unsatisfactory. Changing the regulations concerning managing conservation forests to involve the community and providing legal permits and support from the management improved forest function due to community willingness to implement the agroforestry system. About 81% of observed plots consisted of 5–12 plant species, and 16% of plots consisted of 13–16 species per plot. Theobroma cacao was the most common species in the agroforestry plots, followed by Durio zibethinus, Parkia speciosa, and Aleurites moluccana. The size of the agroforestry plot affected the number of species in the plot. The community perception demonstrated that agroforestry has positive impacts on livelihood, the environment, and biodiversity at the landscape level.

An exploratory review of legal texts and literature on living tenure systems in Madagascar

A lack of information about the living customary systems that manage commons in Madagascar hampers efforts to identify the levels at which collectivities charged with allocating land and enforcing land claims should receive legal recognition. To help address this knowledge gap and inform ongoing legal reforms aimed at recognizing collective tenure, we reviewed relevant legal texts and field studies of Malagasy tenure systems. Our review of legal texts revealed that the lack of a clear legal definition of the collectivities located closest to rural villagers is a major obstacle to efforts aimed at recognizing the land allocation and governance rights of existing local institutions. At the same time, our review of field research of customary tenure systems demonstrates that these systems continue to function more or less effectively in many parts of rural Madagascar. The evidence also suggests that the positive effect of customary tenure systems on conservation outcomes is contingent upon the degree to which those making and enforcing the rules are perceived to have legitimacy, as well as the degree to which the rules reflect local realities and values. This argues in favour of providing clear statutory recognition of local-level customary institutions, and their authority to establish and regulate use of land and forests.

Circles and spirals

This chapter begins with a look at the Greek concepts of ouroboros and triskelion, emphasizing the static versus dynamic nature of social phenomena, linking ACM to the latter. The authors systematically re-examine the chapters in this book, seeking clarity on what ACM is. They then examine how successful it has been in its various manifestations, highlighting both strengths and weaknesses. The next section looks in depth at two major African programmes to take the insights from ACM, usually conducted at a local level, to a broader scale or higher level, encompassing larger geographical areas (SHARED and Greening Africa). This section is valuable in its demonstration of some of the differences that emerge, but also the applicability, when one attempts ACM at grander scales. The chapter concludes with some thoughts on changing global paradigms and the philosophical implications of ACM for people’s lives.

Learning from adaptive collaborative management: A participatory tool to support adaptive and reflective learning in multi-stakeholder forums

Multi-stakeholder forums (MSFs) are, by definition, organized attempts at collaboration. Given the current interest and investment in MSFs in development and conservation circles, CIFOR worked with subnational MSFs organized for more sustainable land and resource use in Brazil, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and Peru. Research revealed that although much optimism is placed on MSFs, their organizers believed their forums fostered equity simply by inviting more actors to the table and thus placed little effort on addressing the power inequalities between their participants. Recognizing this challenge, and taking lessons from adaptive collaborative management, CIFOR researchers embarked on a collaboration with MSF participants to develop an adaptive and reflexive learning tool to allow forum participants to monitor and reflect on their work. The purpose of this reflection is to learn from the past, consider progress and obstacles to further progress, and collectively plan how to achieve the MSF’s goals in the future. The chapter presents a synthesis of the research findings that led to tool development, the tool’s development process, and the effort to use ACM more effectively in participatory monitoring.

Adaptive collaborative management: Experiential and theoretical forebearers

Chapter 1 briefly introduces the concept of and rationale for adaptive collaborative management (or ACM), as implemented by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and its partners around the forested tropics. It then provides the professional trajectories of the three editors, an anthropologist, a forester and a natural resource governance specialist, showing how they came to consider this approach of value. Their respective experience in Asia, Africa and Latin America brings geographical and ethnic variety to their observations and conclusions as well. A third section provides the theoretical underpinnings for the approach, drawing heavily on anthropological and systems-oriented thinking. The authors build on theories and observations from the 20th century as well as contemporary approaches. The concluding section briefly introduces each subsequent chapter, laying out the contributing authors’ experience and improvements to the original version of ACM as implemented within CIFOR’s programmes.

Adaptive Collaborative Management in Forest Landscapes: Villagers, Bureaucrats and Civil Society

This book examines the value of Adaptive Collaborative Management for facilitating learning and collaboration with local communities and beyond, utilising detailed studies of forest landscapes and communities. Many forest management proposals are based on top-down strategies, such as the Million Tree Initiatives, Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) and REDD+, often neglecting local communities. In the context of the climate crisis, it is imperative that local peoples and communities are an integral part of all decisions relating to resource management. Rather than being seen as beneficiaries or people to be safeguarded, they should be seen as full partners, and Adaptive Collaborative Management is an approach which priorities the rights and roles of communities alongside the need to address the environmental crisis. The volume presents detailed case studies and real life examples from across the globe, promoting and prioritizing the voices of women and scholars and practitioners from the Global South who are often under-represented. Providing concrete examples of ways that a bottom-up approach can function to enhance development sustainably, via its practitioners and far beyond the locale in which they initially worked, this volume demonstrates the lasting utility of approaches like Adaptive Collaborative Management that emphasize local control, inclusiveness and local creativity in management. This book will be of great interest to students, scholars and practitioners working in the fields of conservation, forest management, community development and natural resource management and development studies more broadly.

“See also Book Talk by Carol Colfer at Cornell University Library”.

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