Tag: arid zones

Gender responsive resource recovery and reuse (RRR) in refugee settings in Africa – for food, energy, and climate resilience

Sub-Saharan Africa, hosts about a third of the global refugee population. The refugee population is disproportionately women and children. Refugees are hosted in fragile arid ecosystems and increase the pressure on resources resulting in land degradation and conflict. Building knowledge and skills of refugee and host communities can shift the paradigm from ‘land degradation’ to ‘land restoration and resilient livelihoods’.

The Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) in Refugee Settlements in Africa project was implemented in 2019-2023 in six refugee camps and settlements and their surrounding host communities in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda. The aim of the project was to enhance the resilience of these communities by introducing and implementing RRR innovations researched by CGIAR Centers, including the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the Center for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), and the Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), and offer innovative solutions for enhanced food and energy security from a circular bioeconomy perspective.

Global relationship between upwelling intensities and mangrove distribution and area

Mangroves are essential coastal ecosystems distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, typically found at the confluence of river systems and the sea. Although air temperature has long been recognised as a key determinant of mangrove distribution, upwelling systems that transport cold, nutrient-rich waters from the deep ocean to the surface can also impede mangrove propagule dispersion. However, global studies that examine the influence of upwelling on mangrove distribution remain scarce. In this study, our objective was to investigate the relationship between upwelling systems and global mangrove distribution, with an emphasis on range limits and area extent. We adopted a novel multi-scale approach by analysing mangrove areas at several minimum size thresholds (≥5 ha, ≥50 ha, ≥100 ha, ≥200 ha, and ≥ 300 ha) to evaluate the scale dependence of upwelling effects. Our regression models revealed a clear trend: the coefficient of determination (R2) increased from 0.20 for patches ≥5 ha to 0.37 for ≥50 ha, 0.43 for ≥100 ha, 0.49 for ≥200 ha, and reached 0.53 for patches ≥300 ha. Furthermore, low-upwelling regions harbour 47.7 % of the total mangrove area (66,763 km2), whereas high-upwelling regions account for only 0.5 % (2642 km2). We also found that the highest upwelling intensities occur exclusively in the Atlantic East Pacific mangrove region, a key environmental contrast to the Indo-West Pacific. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that upwelling systems are one factor shaping global mangrove distribution in a strongly scale-dependent manner, with larger, contiguous patches exhibiting a markedly stronger response. These insights emphasise the need to incorporate upwelling intensity and spatial scale into global mangrove conservation and management strategies. This integration is essential to address the complex interplay of environmental factors under shifting oceanographic and climatic conditions.

Agroforestry: a decade of development (ICRAF’s tenth anniversary 1977-1987)

Throughout the world, at one period or another in its history, it has been the practice to cultivate tree species and agricultural crops in intimate combination. The examples are numerous. It was the general custom in Europe, at least until the Middle Ages, to clear-fell derelict forest, burn the slash, cultivate food crops for varying periods on the cleared areas, and plant or sow tree species before, along with, or after the sowing of the agricultural crop. This “farming system” is, of course, no longer popular in Europe. But it was still widely followed in Finland up to the end of the last century, and was being practised in a few areas in Germany as late as the 1920s (King, 1968). In tropical America, many societies have traditionally simulated forest conditions in their farms in order to obtain the beneficial effects of forest structures. Farmers in Central America, for example, have long imitated the structure and species diversity of tropical forests by planting a variety of crops with different growth habits. Plots of no more than one-tenth of a hectare contained, on average, two dozen different species of plants each with a different form, together corresponding to the layered configuration of mixed tropical forests: coconut or papaya with a lower layer of bananas or citrus, a shrub layer of coffee or cacao, tall and low annuals such as maize, and finally a spreading ground cover of plants such as squash (Wilken, 1977).

Dryland restoration successes in the Sahel and Greater Horn of Africa show how to increase scale and impact

Drylands occupy more than 40% of the world’s land area and are home to some two billion people. This includes a disproportionate number of the world’s poorest people, who live in degraded and severely degraded landscapes. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification states on its website that 12 million hectares are lost annually to desertification and drought, and that more than 1.5 billion people are directly dependent on land that is being degraded, leading to US$42 billion in lost earnings each year. In Africa, three million hectares of forest are lost annually, along with an estimated 3% of GDP, through depleted soils. The result is that two-thirds of Africa’s forests, farmlands and pastures are now degraded. This means that millions of Africans have to live with malnutrition and poverty, and in the absence of options this further forces the poor to overexploit their natural resources to survive. This in turn intensifies the effects of climate change and hinders economic development, threatening ecological functions that are vital to national economies.

More trees for more water in drylands: myths and opportunities

The mechanisms by which trees influence water availability remain incompletely understood, but the last two decades have brought astonishing advances. We already know enough to see major opportunities to improve water security in tropical drylands through tree cover, while also yielding the many other benefits that trees provide.

Assessing Context-Specific Factors to Increase Tree Survival for Scaling Ecosystem Restoration Efforts in East Africa

Increasing tree cover in agricultural lands can contribute to achieving global and national restoration goals, more so in the drylands where trees play a key role in enhancing both ecosystem and livelihood resilience of the communities that depend on them. Despite this, drylands are characterized by low tree survival especially for tree species preferred by local communities. We conducted a study in arid and semi-arid areas of Kenya and Ethiopia with 1773 households to assess how different tree planting and management practices influence seedling survival. Using on-farm planned comparisons, farmers experimented and compared tree survival under different planting and management practices as well as under varying socioeconomic and biophysical contexts in the two countries. Seedling survival was monitored at least six months after planting. Results show that watering, manure application, seedling protection by fencing and planting in a small hole (30 cm diameter and 45 cm depth) had a significant effect on tree seedling survival in Kenya, while in Ethiopia, mulching, watering and planting niche were significant to tree survival. Household socioeconomics and farms’ biophysical characteristics such as farm size, education level of the household head, land tenure, age of the household head had significant effects on seedling survival in both Ethiopia and Kenya while presence of soil erosion on the farm had a significant effect in Kenya. Soil quality ranking was positively correlated with tree survival in Ethiopia, regardless of species assessed. Current findings have confirmed effects of context specific variables some involving intrahousehold socioeconomic status such education level of the household head, and farm size that influence survival.

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