This paper describes an application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in assessing criteria and indicators (C&I) as measures of sustainable forest management. C&I elements are organised in hierarchical manner around the three general concepts, namely: Principle, Criteria and Indicators. These elements are prioritised based on their perceived relative importance values. These values are calculated using pairwise comparisons of the C&I elements following the principles of the AHP. Pairwise comparisons were obtained from experts representing various disciplines related to forest management. C&I analysis is done at different levels in the hierarchy. To demonstrate the method, a C&I assessment case study involves a forest located in Kalimantan, Indonesia. A generic set of C&I is used as a benchmark. AHP is used to calculate the relative weights of each C&I, prioritize them, and ultimately select a final set of C&I to be used in assessing the sustainability of the forest.
Tag: analysis
Land-use analysis of highland agricultural systems using Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM): a case study from Ban Pha Phueng and Ban Mong Luang in the Mae Chaem Catchment, Northern Thailand
The study of agricultural land use system in the highland areas of the Mae Chaem catchment was conducted by using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). It aims to investigate the private and social profitability from dominant crops grown in the Karen communities (Ban Pha Phueng and Ban Mong Luang), as well as to evaluate the impact of economic and social policies on different land use systems. Extensive economic field survey was conducted in order to derive the necessary data required for creating a number of tables (i.e., Input-Output, private price and social price tables). Four crops chosen for this study are: (1) Paddy rice; (2) Upland rice; (3) Rainfed soy beans and (4) Upland corn. The results of PAM analysis revealed that paddy rice was privately and socially profitable, which should be extensively promoted. Upland rice was privately and socially non-profitable and it should be discouraged to grow on the highlands, except the improvement of yield has been made. Rainfed soy beans and upland corn were not privately profitable, but socially profitable. These two crops were taxed by the government or the society as indicated by a net negative transfer. Sensitivity analysis has been conducted by applying a number of situations on price and productivity on individual crops, so that effects from market imperfections or government policy can be determined. It has been recommended that PAM would be valid if externalities have been taken into account in the analytical process.
Evaluating and selecting criteria and indicators of forest sustainability: a case study on participatory assessment under CBFM in the Philippines
This paper describes an application of multi-criteria analysis (MCA) in evaluating and selecting criteria and indicators (C&I) of forest sustainability. The method was applied on a case study involving a forest area managed under the Community-Based Forest Management System of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Experience gained from the study indicates that MCA is a suitable tool for the systematic evaluation of C&I including validation of previously developed national set of C&I, modification of the validated set by incorporating other externally generated C&I, and ultimately, prioritization of the C&I according to their perceived importance.
Development of a methodology for selecting criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management: a case study on participatory assessment
This paper describes an application of multiple criteria analysis (MCA) in assessing criteria and indicators adapted for a particular forest management unit. The methods include: ranking, rating, and pairwise comparisons. These methods were used in a participatory decision-making environment where a team representing various stakeholders and professionals used their expert opinions and judgements in assessing different criteria and indicators (C&I), and how suitable and applicable they are to a forest management unit. A forest concession located in Kalimantan, Indonesia, was used as the site for the case study. Results from the study show that the multi-criteria methods are effective tools that can be used as structured decision aids to evaluate, prioritise, and select sets of C&I for a particular forest management unit. Ranking and rating approaches can be used as a screening tool to develop an initial list of C&I. Pairwise comparison, on the other hand, can be used as a finer filter to further reduce the list. In addition to using these three MCA methods, the study also examines two commonly used group decision-making techniques; the Delphi method and the nominal group technique. Feedback received from the participants indicates that the methods are transparent, easy to implement, and provide a convenient environment for participatory decision-making.
Avoided Deforestation with Sustainable Benefits: A case study of potential in 3 provinces in Indonesia
The release of carbon into the atmosphere from forest conversion and exploitation is estimated to be 18% of global carbon dioxide emissions, and thus a significant contributor to the increase of atmospheric CO 2 (and other greenhouse gas) concentrations that is linked to global climate change (IPCC, 2007); • If the recent estimates of total emissions of 3 Giga ton per year for Indonesia are true, per capita emissions are twice that in France and 30% above those in the UK or Germany; • The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol supports some forms of affores- tation and reforestation, but no projects have been approved for Indonesia; it excludes activities that protect existing carbon stocks and forms of ‘avoided deforestation’; • There probably is a large potential in Indonesia to reduce emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land uses (AFOLU) and to generate both local and global benefits; the scope for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) will depend on the definitions used; • Indonesia has an institutional and a vegetation concept of forest, and therefore includes “forests without trees” and “non-forests with trees”; mixed and multristrata agroforestry (intermediate land uses) can store significant quantities of carbon, maintain flows of ecosystem services, generate good economic returns and reduce pressure on remaining forest resources; • Mechanisms for reducing carbon emissions through avoi ded deforestat ion will have to maintain national sovereignty, and to balance between fairness (incentives for long term protection) and effectiveness (demonstrated reductions of emissions on the short term); • Before the institutional challenges of REDD mechanisms are tackled, we need to know the potential cost effectiveness; if current emissions would lead to large economic benefits, emission reduction would be difficult, if not, incentive systems will be feasible.
Avoided Deforestation with Sustainable Benefits: East Kalimantan Land Cover Changes 1990’s – 2005
Abstract not found
Avoided Deforestation with Sustainable Benefits: Jambi Land Cover Changes 1990’s – 2005
Trees and forests play important roles in global climate change mitigation. On the one hand, trees growing in forests and on farms are one of the world’s greatest sinks of carbon. Afforestation in Europe now offsets significant amounts of global emissions and there are many unexploited opportunities for afforestation and reforestation in the developing world. On the other hand, tropical deforestation is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimate that in 2004, the forest sector was responsible for 17.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Global-level studies of the economics of climate change mitigation indicate that afforestation and avoided deforestation are among the most attractive investments for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions (total emissions less total sequestration). The ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins has conducted biophysical, socioeconomic and institutional research on the tradeoffs associated with alternative land uses in the humid tropics. Building on previous research at the ASB benchmark sites, this paper presents spatially-explicit analyses of the trade offs between carbon and economic returns in three sites in Indonesia, and one site in each of Peru and Cameroon. Located in the humid forest zones of Southeast Asia, the Amazon basin, and Central Africa, these sites represent a range of the conditions that shape tree and forest management across the humid tropics. Indonesia is particularly distinguished by having the world’s highest levels of land-based emissions of greenhouse gases and largest CO2 emissions from conversion of peat lands.
Avoided Deforestation with Sustainable Benefits: Lampung Land Cover Changes 1990’s – 2005
Abstract not found
Analysis of the economic efficiency and comparative advantage of the Sumatran smallholder rubber Using ‘PAM Method
Rubber plays, at least, five important roles in the Indonesian economy that pushes economic growth through positive backward as well as forward linkages. First, as the income source of a substantial number of rubber smallholder. Of the national rubber area of 3.50 million hectares in 1995, 2.95 million hectares (84.5 percent) constituted smallholder rubber, involving 1.47 million farm households (DGE, 1996). In some monoculture areas, rubber farm becomes the principal source of smallholders’ income. Second, as one of the promising business investment areas by large scale companies such as state-owned companies (Perseroan Terbatas Perkebunan, PTP), domestic private companies (Perkebunan Besar Swasta Nasional, PBSN), or foreign private companies (Perkebunan Besar swasta Asing, PBSA), in addition to smallholders. In 1995, rubber area of PTP, PBSN and PBSA respectively accounted for 248,393 hectares, 239,850 hectares and 294,824 hectares (DGE, 1996). The total value of rubber investment during the first long term development stage (1.969-1994) was 2,153 million US dollars, 28.84 percent and 71.16 percent of which were respectively allocated for large scale companies and smallholders (PT IDU and WHAD, 1996). Third, as an agro-industrial development corner stone. Traditionally, primary rubber produce has been the only source of raw material for rubber processing industries to produce semi-finished goods for export, such as SIR (Standard Indonesian Rubber), RSS (Ribbed Smoked Sheets), crepe, etc.
A review of pasture and fodder production and productivity for small ruminants in the Sahel
The focus of this review is on feed scarcity, prompting a series of studies on woody fodder species used in sheep feeding. Despite the human pressure on land and climate change, restoration experiences of rangelands (direct sowing, water harvesting techniques, livestock density control, etc.) proved to be successful, both environmentally and economically. Smallholder households increase their use of trees in agricultural landscapes to improve food security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, social cohesion, energy resources and environmental sustainability.