The multidimensional performance of agroecology: what we know and what we are yet to learn

This opinion article argues that the debate surrounding the effectiveness of agroecology should move beyond questions of whether evidence exists and instead focus on identifying the remaining knowledge gaps needed to support evidence-based agroecological transitions. Drawing on a growing body of reviews, meta-analyses, and field studies, the authors highlight substantial evidence that agroecological practices, including crop rotation, intercropping, agroforestry, mulching, composting, cover cropping, and integrated crop–livestock systems, contribute positively to food security, agricultural productivity, farmers’ incomes, climate-change adaptation, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and climate-change mitigation. Recent studies demonstrate that agroecological practices often outperform conventional systems in terms of soil carbon sequestration, biodiversity enhancement, income stability, and resilience while simultaneously contributing to multiple Sustainable Development Goals.

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