Negative environmental externalities within cocoa, coffee and oil palm value chains in Africa

Tree commodities play a significant role in most African countries both at the country and household level. Cocoa and oil palm are highly substantial in West African countries, and coffee in East African countries. At the household level, cocoa, coffee and oil palm contribute significantly to livelihoods. Cocoa directly employs more than 1,000,000 farmers in Cote d’Ivoire and about 800,000 farmers in Ghana; a large proportion of their income is from cocoa production in Cote d’ Ivoire (about 90%) and Ghana (about 80%) (Waarts et al 2019). Similarly, coffee provides livelihoods for about 15 million farmers in Ethiopia ECTA (2018), and nearly 2 million farmers in Kenya. Also, these tree commodities (TCs) contribute to the livelihoods indirectly through employment in processing, transportation and distribution.

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