Contribution of biodiversity-mediated and other forest ecosystem services to agriculture

Forests and trees can enhance agricultural productivity: Forests and trees deliver vital ecosystem services – such as pollination, biological pest control, nutrient cycling, erosion control, fodder, mulch, and climate regulation – that enhance crop yields and sustain ecosystem health.

Integrated landscapes strengthen climate resilience and food security: Incorporating trees and forest patches into agricultural systems can reduce dependence on synthetic inputs, enhance resilience to climate variability, and support the production of diverse, nutrient-dense foods.

Proximity to forests offers benefits and trade-offs: Fields near forests may benefit from stronger ecosystem services, especially pollination and biocontrol, but may also experience disservices such as increased exposure to certain pests.

Policy must support multifunctional landscapes: Existing policy frameworks tend to address ecosystem services in isolation and could be better tailored to support integrated production systems that balance food production with the conservation of trees and forests, and biodiversity.

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