An empirical analysis of the determinants of food insecurity among smallholder farmers in Eastern Rwanda

Food insecurity remains a critical challenge across sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in low-income rural areas. Despite Rwanda’s economic progress, rural households continue to face high levels of food insecurity. This study analyzes panel data from 1,100 households in Eastern Rwanda (collected in 2018 and 2022) to identify key socio-economic and environmental factors influencing severe food insecurity, and to assess the potential role of agroforestry in mitigation. Results show persistently high food insecurity, with over 60% of households affected in both years. Households practicing crop diversification were less likely to experience severe food insecurity, while larger households were more vulnerable. Agroforestry-related variables did not show statistically significant effects in reducing food insecurity, suggesting that short-term interventions should prioritize improving socio-economic conditions and market-oriented crop production. Long-term agroforestry strategies should focus on integrating appropriate tree species and be evaluated through time-sensitive and experimental approaches to better understand their impact.

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