Climate-Smart Practices for Sustainable Rice Farming: Impacts on Farm Technical Efficiency and Income in Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia

The agricultural sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions and highly vulnerable to climate change. Climate-Smart Rice Cultivation (CSRC) offers a pathway to improve productivity, resilience, and reduce emissions in rice farming. This study evaluates CSRC’s impact on technical efficiency and income in Pasuruan District, East Java, under the ‘Rejoso Kita Phase 2’ project by World Agroforestry (ICRAF). A total of 249 rice farmers—168 CSRC adopters and 81 non-adopters—were surveyed using structured interviews. Stochastic frontier analysis and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) were applied to control for selection bias and estimate treatment effects. CSRC adopters statistically significant achieved higher technical efficiency (0.872) compared to non-CSRC (0.737). Although CSRC farmers achieved higher income (IDR 5,782,717) compared to non-CSRC (IDR 4,290,970), the difference was not statistically significant. Key determinants of adoption include age, experience, and land tenure; younger and more experienced farmers are more likely to adopt. These findings suggest that scaling CSRC can enhance resource-use efficiency and strengthen climate resilience, especially when supported through targeted outreach to younger farmers, capacity-building programs, and risk-mitigating incentives. Policy recommendations include promoting CSRC branding, strengthening value chains, and facilitating access to direct marketing channels to improve economic benefits over time.

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This works is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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