The legacy of fortress approaches to conservation: Impact of early-life experiences on contemporary natural resource use in Giant Panda Nature reserves, China

The long-term success of biodiversity conservation in China’s nature reserves (NRs) depends on how rural households interact with natural resources. This study surveyed 449 households across 17 NRs in Sichuan and Shaanxi to examine how generational exposure to early “fortress conservation” policies influences current resource use. Using a double hurdle model, the study found that individuals who were adults or adolescents during NR establishment extract significantly more resources than those who were children at the time. These older generations also exhibit more negative attitudes toward NR governance. The findings highlight how historical policy shocks shape path-dependent behaviors and underscore the need for inclusive, generation-sensitive conservation strategies.

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