Africa hosts a significant portion of the global refugee population, notably in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda. Despite prolonged stays in host countries, refugees often struggle to establish self-reliant livelihoods due to legal restrictions on work permits and travel, hampering economic empowerment. Indeed, there is a need for livelihood models that do not undermine the economies of low-Participants are shown how to set up a vegetable nursery in Rhino Refugee Settlement, Uganda (photo: Danish Refugee Council). RRR in Refugee Settlements in Africa Project Brief Series – No. 4and middle-income countries where local populations are already struggling. As a result, food insecurity and cooking energy poverty are major challenges facing humanitarian work. Food rations, primarily cereals and pulses, require intensive cooking, while firewood provision is limited, leading to food-for-fuel exchanges or conflicts.